In a breakthrough that could potentially lead to a cure for HIV infection, scientists have discovered a way to remove the virus from infected cells, a study released Thursday said. The scientists engineered an enzyme which attacks the DNA of the HIV virus and cuts it out of the infected cell, according to the study published in Scien
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June 30, 2007
Potential cure for HIV discovered
June 29, 2007
The Molecular Sieves for Gas Separating Membranes.
Last years by growth of ecological and power problems there was appeared the complex of technologies - 'zero emission fuel combustion' where the oxygen atmosphere combustion (complete combustion) is the most prospective.
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Fusel Oil Dehydration
Currently I am looking for drying methods for Fusel oil from 5% to <0.5% Moisture content.
I could achieve 1.2% using Molecular Sieves UOP-3A-1/16.
Any suggestion??????//
June 28, 2007
A theory against the second law of thermodynamics
A theory against the second law of thermodynamics based on LiH (lithium-hydride) thermally regenerated cell from Hungary.This is really good stuff - has to go into more details of Thermo.....Anyone who can point out the basic flaw in the system which is having so called violation of Second law.
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June 25, 2007
Century-Old Chemistry Problem Solved
Researchers have found a solution to a problem that is more than 100 years old—how to couple two unactivated carbon atoms together with the help of a catalyst.
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China overtakes US as World's No. 1 CO2 Emitter
China has overtaken the United States as the world's top producer of carbon dioxide emissions — the biggest man-made contributor to global warming — based on the latest widely accepted energy consumption data, a Dutch research group says.
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6 Common Energy Myths - Debunked
Here are 6 energy-related things that you take as fact but in actually are only myths.
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Green Chemistry - 12 Rules
1. It is better to prevent waste than to treat or clean up waste after it is formed.
2. Synthetic methods should be designed to maximize the incorporation of all materials used in the process into the final product.
3. Wherever practicable, synthetic methodologies should be designed to use and generate substances that possess little or no toxicity to human health and the environment.
4. Chemical products should be designed to preserve efficacy of function while reducing toxicity .
5. The use of auxiliary substances (e.g. solvents, separation agents, etc.) should be made unnecessary whenever possible and, innocuous when used.
6. Energy requirements should be recognized for their environmental and economic impacts and should be minimized. Synthetic methods should be conducted at ambient temperature and pressure.
7. A raw material feedstock should be renewable rather than depleting whenever technically and economically practical.
8. Unnecessary derivatization (blocking group, protection/deprotection, temporary modification of physical/chemical processes) should be avoided whenever possible.
9. Catalytic reagents (as selective as possible) are superior to stoichiometric reagents.
10. Chemical products should be designed so that at the end of their function they do not persist in the environment and break down into innocuous degradation products.
11. Analytical methodologies need to be further developed to allow for real-time in-process monitoring and control prior to the formation of hazardous substances.
12. Substances and the form of a substance used in a chemical process should chosen so as to minimize the potential for chemical accidents, including releases, explosions, and fires.
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June 18, 2007
Phase Separator - Design Improvement
Introduction
You can read the theory & design in Coulson & Richardson for better understanding of above.
Now the capacity in terms of better & faster separation depends on the settling velocity of dispersed phase (Water) in the continuous phase (Toluene in this case). If the actual velocity coming from the pipe (as shown above) is more than the settling velocity which is generally of the order of 0.01 or less m/sec than naturally the toluene will also go to bottom phase. This is usually the case where actual velocities are much higher than the required one in actual plant operation & design both. Therefore, we generally operate a phase separator at much lower capacity than what it is capable of.
WHAT IS THE SOLUTION??????
I have found that it is better to provide a nozzle plate at the end of inlet pipe in order to reduce the velocity. this plate should be in the horizontal plane & its width can be based on separator diameter or size. For my case I can accomodate a 4-6" wide plate with a length of ~800 mm minimum. This with an hole dia of 0.5" on each side i.e width and length can have ~128 holes.
Compared to an inlet pipe of 4" in size it can have double cross sectional area reducing the inlet velocity to half of the original design value.
Imagingly I can increase the capacity of this separator by 100% to double.
Here is a picture of what it will look like.
Enjoy using this Idea for increasing the capacity of your phase separator. Send me your comments if any.
Fuel Saving Catalysts
The way Fuel catalyst work, is they actually transform the fuel into a much cleaner version of the original, which makes for a better and more complete combustion. They use metalic elements which create chemical reactions between the metals and the fuel, reversing any deterioration that had been previously introduced to the vehicle.
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Nanotechnology Now Used In Nearly 500 Everyday Products
The number of consumer products using nanotechnology has more than doubled, from 212 to 475, in the 14 months since the Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies launched the world’s first online inventory of manufacturer-identified nanotech goods in March 2006.
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June 17, 2007
WARNING - Fake COLGATE Toothpaste found in US with poisonous chemicals!
If your Colgate toothpaste says "Made in South Africa" and/or contains misspellings, it is likely a poisonous counterfeit. Colgate said Thursday that 5 oz tubes of counterfeit toothpaste sold in discount stores in 4 US states under a Colgate label are being recalled because they may contain DEG, a poisonous chemical found in antifreeze. Check now!
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June 12, 2007
Condensate Pumping - Save Cost
- Mismatched pump selection as usual.
- Intermittent operation based on varying condensate load.
- Part load operation.
- Continuous drop in pumping efficiency due to higher temperature of fluid (Condensate).
- Frequent mechanical failures also contribute to point no 4 above.
- Overall LCC is very costly for any condensate transfer systems.
NEW PAP SYSTEM
Now we have totally different static system for condensate transfer i.e. Pressure actuated Pump. This is nothing but a mechanical device which recieves condensate in the reciever. This is having a float valve such that once it goes upto certain level the float opeans a steam inlet nozzle which is usually at 20 psi higher pressure than the back pressure of the condensate transfer system.
So if you need to transfer the condensate to 10 m elevation & at 3 Kg system than the motive steam pressure required is 30 + 10 + 15 = 55 meter Or 5.5 Kg/cm2 steam is sufficient.
The consumption of this motive steam is also usually very very low compared to conventional pumping. It consumes only 3-4 Kg of steam for each 1000 Kg of condensate transfer.
Here is a cost comparison for this PAP & conventional centrifugal pumping system. No Dear........just now I dont have sufficient time --------Its Easy you can do it on your own.
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June 11, 2007
Ethanol Boom Lining Pockets of Chemical Fertilizer Companies
Investors have chemical fertilizer companies at the top of their to-do lists, according to a recent ranking of 200 industries. The reason? A 15 percent increase in corn planting due to the government subsidies for ethanol. But all that nitrogen flows into the Gulf of Mexico and wreaks havoc with the country's most economically important fishery.
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Diet Coke Plus. A Cocktail of Chemicals?
Dr Janet Hull, a champion for the anti-aspartame movement, gives her thoughts on Coke's new diet soda."Sorry, folks, this new "vitamin" diet cola is another diet product with misleading marketing."
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Cooling Towers - Part II
June 08, 2007
Surface Tension
In the literature surface tensions of liquids are usually given at one temperature only (often 15 or 20 °C). As the temperature is raised, the surface tension decreases and becomes zero at the critical point. Based on this observation the surface tension at temperature T2 can be estimated for most liquids from the following simple equation if surface tension at another temperature T1 and critical temperature Tc of the liquid are known
Table: Experimental values of surface tensions of pure liquids (from Jasper, J.J., J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data Vol. 1 (1972), p. 841)
Compound Temperature Surface tension
°C dynes/cm
Compound Temperature Surface tension
°C dynes/cm
Acetic acid 20 27.6
Acetone 25 24.0
Aniline 20 42.7
Benzene 20 28.9
Benzonitrile 20 39.4
Bromobenzene 20 35.8
n-Butane 20 12.5
Carbon disulfide 20 32.3
Carbon tetrachloride 15 27.7
Chlorobenzene 20 33.6
p-Cresol 40 34.9
Cyclohexane 20 25.2
Cyclopentane 20 22.6
Diethyl ether 15 17.6
Ethyl acetate 20 24.0
Ethyl benzoate 20 35.0
Ethyl mercaptan 15 23.9
Formamide 25 57.0
n-Heptane 20 20.1
Isobutyric acid 20 25.0
Methyl alcohol 20 22.6
Phenol 40 39.3
n-Propyl alcohol 20 23.7
n-Propyl benzene 20 30.0
Pyridine 20 37.2
Example:
Determine the surface tension of aniline at 80 °C. From above table the surface tension at 20°C is 42.7 dynes/cm, the critical temperature of aniline is 426 °C. Then the estimated surface tension at 80 °C from Kharbanda's correlation is 35.2 dynes/cm. Compared to the experimental value of 36.15 dynes/cm the error for the estimated value is 2.6%.
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June 06, 2007
Cool it in.......... Summer
Perfect tips for the Summer!
Cooling costs can chill your budget in the peak summer months। Here are few tips for chilling out without going broke:
- Block out the sun. Using shades and blinds to block sunlight minimizes the amount of energy needed to cool your house. It's also worth noting that dark-colored exterior walls and roof tops can absorb up to 90% of the sun's radiant energy. To keep things cool, try painting your house a brighter color.
- Invest in an electronic thermostat. Most people are comfortable when temperatures range from 24 to 28 °C in the home. Try to avoid going any cooler by installing a programmable thermostat that automatically shuts off when it reaches a specified temperature.
- A few degrees can make a big difference. For every degree you shave off, you save roughly 3% on your energy bill, according to the experts at Progress Energy.com.
- Get your filters checked. Dirty air filters can make your air-conditioning unit less cost effective and shorten the equipment's life span.
- In most parts of the country, you can hire a heating and cooling technician to service your machine for Few Rs. A thorough cleaning may significantly lower your energy bills. So I suggest it doing every year.
- Hire a contractor to find and fix any air leaks and add extra insulation to basements, attics and crawl spaces.
That's All..........
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People can't be bothered to make easy energy savings
According to Philips Lighting a standard incandescent light bulb costs around €1, and uses €15-worth of electricity a year. A low-energy one costs €5-6 and uses €3-worth. The payback on investing in a compact fluorescent bulb, therefore, is less than a year. Yet low-energy lighting makes up only 30% of Philips's sales.
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June 05, 2007
World Environment Day - Some Pledges
1. I will boil only the water I need, rather than filling the kettle every time.
If you boil a full kettle three times a day you’ll raise carbon dioxide emissions by 52kg a year. It takes two trees to absorb that amount. If you only boil the water you need each time, you’ll save energy and reduce your carbon dioxide emissions by more than 7kg a year.
· Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, which contributes to climate change. We need to reduce the amount of carbon dioxide we release to limit the effects of climate change.
· Although trees can be planted to absorb some of this carbon dioxide, we really need to use up less energy in the first place.
Over one year, it would take 13 trees to absorb the 40kg of carbon dioxide you would have emitted into the air.
· The release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, caused by the burning of fossil fuels, contributes to climate change. We are experiencing more floods and droughts, and wildlife and plants are also affected.
· Countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol must reduce their carbon dioxide emissions.
· Reducing the amount of electricity we use will mean that less fuel is burned for the generators that supply it. Doing this will also save you money.
Each person dumps 194kg of organic waste a year. That is the equivalent of 12,900 apple cores.
· Much of the waste we produce is collected by local authorities and burned or buried in landfill sites. Burning creates carbon dioxide emissions, which contribute to climate change. Landfill is also unsustainable, as we cannot keep creating more landfill sites.
· The only solution is to reduce the amount of waste we produce, or do something else with it. When you shop, try to find items with less packaging, and when you produce waste such as leftover food, put it in a compost bin and watch your garden bloom.
4. I will volunteer for a green project in my local community.
Many projects are completely reliant on volunteers giving up their time. The sort of projects you could do can range from litter picking, to planting trees, to running a green event.
· Trees planted absorb this carbon dioxide release caused by the burning of fossil fuels etc.
· You’ll also get the opportunity to meet lots of new people, develop new skills and put something back into the community.
5. I will reuse plastic bags for my shopping.
If you throw away four fewer plastic bags every week, you’ll save 4,160 bags from ending up in landfill sites over 20 years.
· Landfill space is limited and will eventually run out if we continue to increase the amount of rubbish we produce. Although there are alternative ways of disposing of rubbish, the best option is to produce less in the first place.
· Plastic bags also spoil the look of our environment. If we re-use the bags we already have, this will mean that fewer new ones are made... and then abandoned.
· Many supermarkets will sell you a “bag for life” which you can reuse, or you could just reuse standard plastic bags by taking a few with you when you go shopping.
The average car commuter drives 19 miles a day. Cutting that by half through car sharing would save 648kg of carbon dioxide over one year, the same as that absorbed by 216 trees.
· Carbon dioxide is one of the gases that contribute to climate change when it is released. Planting more trees is an impractical option, and we really need to reduce the amount of energy we use to cut down carbon dioxide emissions.
· Walking or cycling, even just once or twice a week, can help reduce emissions and it has financial benefits. Walking to the bus stop can also contribute to the 10,000 steps a day we all need to do to improve our health.
7. I will switch off my television or computer screen, rather than leave it on stand-by.
Over a year this will save 30kg of carbon dioxide from being emitted into the air - the same as that absorbed by 10 trees.
· The release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, caused by the burning of fossil fuels, contributes to climate change. We are experiencing more floods and droughts, and wildlife and plants are also affected.
· Although trees can be planted to absorb some of this carbon dioxide, we need to use up less energy in the first place. Reducing the amount of electricity we use will mean that less fuel is burned for the generators that supply it.
· Countries that have ratified the Kyoto Protocol must reduce their carbon dioxide emissions. Doing this will also save you money.
8. I will take showers instead of baths.
A daily bath uses 16, 425 liters more water a year than a shower.
· Even though the INDIA gets a lot of rain each year, but this is not in every state of INDIA, the density of our population means that water supplies are limited and must be looked after carefully.
· Many underground water sources rely solely on winter rainfall to fill them up. As summers become longer and hotter, this reduces the time that water sources can be refilled.
· We all need to make an effort to save water, or we could face drought in many parts of the country.
9. I will use an outdoor clothesline instead of a clothes dryer
The electricity used to run clothes dryer results in emission of carbon dioxide. Burning fossil fuels, such as coal is not a sustainable way of providing energy, as fossil fuels will eventually run out.
· Although trees can be planted to absorb some of this carbon dioxide, we need to use up less energy in the first place. Reducing the amount of electricity we use will mean that less fuel is burned for the generators that supply it. Doing this will also save you money.
10. I will turn the tap off when I brush my teeth.
If you brush your teeth for three minutes, twice a day with the tap running while you clean your teeth, you are wasting 10,950 liters of water a year.
· Many underground water sources rely solely on winter rainfall to fill them up. As summers become longer and hotter, this reduces the time that water sources can be refilled.
· We all need to make an effort to save water, or we could face drought in many parts of the country.
11. I will switch my household to energy generated from renewable sources.
The electricity used by the average household results in 1,892 kg of carbon dioxide. You can reduce that to zero by switching your electricity supply to a green tariff. That is the equivalent of planting 631 trees.
· Burning fossil fuels, such as coal is not a sustainable way of providing energy, as fossil fuels will eventually run out.
· Coal burning releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and contributes to climate change. There are a variety of alternatives we can use such as wave, wind or solar. All of these have various advantages and disadvantages but one thing is clear. We do need to move away. Doing this will also save you money.
12. I will recharge ground water by the method of rainwater harvesting in my house.
Even though the INDIA gets a lot of rain each year, but this is not in every state of INDIA, the density of our population means that water supplies are limited and must be looked after carefully.
· We all need to make an effort to conserve water, or we could face drought in many parts of the country.
· Many underground water sources rely solely on rainfall to fill them up. As summers become longer and hotter, this reduces the time that water sources can be refilled.
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